Coconut scale is present in nearly all coconut growing countries of the world. Apart from two species described as new aspidiotus artus and a. Synthesis of the sex pheromone of the oleander scale. Diaspididae and its natural enemies on blueleaf wattle in adana province, turkey. Preshipment cold treatment at a aspidiotus nerii aucuba scale 0 0 c or below for days or b botryosphaeria dothidea canker of almond above. Both sequences were suspected to be coilike pseudogene and they were not taken into. Aspidiotus perniciosus small east asian insect naturalized in the united states that damages fruit trees san jose scale armored scale. The adults reach up to 2mm long, the immature stages crawlers are much smaller. The sequences of aspidiotus nerii iii presented two insertions of 227 bp and 4 bp and had length of 880 bp. Biology of coconut scale, aspidiotus destructor signoret. Aphelinidae, parasite d aspidiotus nerii bouche hom. The male is winged 1 pair of wings, whitish membrane, and small. The oleander scale, aspidiotus nerii, a diaspidid, polyphagous, and cosmopolitan species, is almost always present on jojoba in the sonora desert and on plants introduced to israels negev desert berlinger et al. Aspidiotus definition is a genus of armored scales including the san jose scale and several others that are very destructive to orchard trees.
The complete life cycle from egg to egglaying adult was 3435 days. Despite the fact that massive outbreaks of the coconut scale insect pest, aspidiotus rigidus reyne hemiptera. Specifically, several aspidiotine insects have obligate 24,41 or cryptic parthenogenetic populations as observed in aspidiotus nerii bouche 21,22. An unusual sesquiterpenic functionalized cyclobutane, chemistry a european journal on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at. Diaspididae, is a pest in over 60 plant families and is found globally in tropical and subtropical areas davidson and miller 1990, bendov 2014. In the united states, coconut scale has been recorded in connecticut, florida, georgia, hawaii, pennsylvania, and puerto rico nakahara 1982. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Aspidiotus nerii wikispecies, free species directory. Coconut scale aspidiotus destructor signoret insecta.
The diaspdidae are generally considered to be one of the most. Populations of coconut scale, aspidiotus destructor signoret hemiptera. Cryptic diversity in the aspidiotus nerii complex in australia article pdf available in annals of the entomological society of america 1036. Biology of the scale insect aspidiotus destructor signoret hemiptera. Aspidiotus a genus of diaspididae genus aspidiotus arthropod genus a genus of arthropods diaspididae, family diaspididae armored scales. Aspidiotus synonyms, aspidiotus pronunciation, aspidiotus translation, english dictionary definition of aspidiotus. Assessment of life history parameters of aspidiotus nerii hemiptera. Aspidiotus nerii knowledge master university of hawaii. Particularly important is the damage caused on lemon and olive trees and. Incidence and management of coconut scale, aspidiotus. In order to implement this sex pheromone as a new environmentally friendly tool to manage this pest, a more costeffective, multigram synthesis was required. The pineapple scale coccus bromelice infests that fruit under bad cultivation. Diaspididae under controlled conditions 251c, 7010% r.
Diaspididae are inflicting significant economic losses to the philippines coconut industry, little is known about the population and dispersal history of this invasive pest in the country. Aspidiotus definition of aspidiotus by the free dictionary. Aspidiotus destructor signoret, an armored scale pest new to the hawaiian islands. Una ning gihulagway ni victor antoine signoret ni adtong 1869. This is a widely distributed pest of temperate fruits in himalaya. Aspidiotus nerii aspdneoverview eppo global database. It is no more than 1 mm long, with a yellowish body and blackishbrown appendages. Temperaturedriven phenology models are being developed to improve the timing of insecticide applications against these pests. Here, we examined the genetic diversity, structure and demographic history of a. Ang aspidiotus nerii sakop sa kahenera nga aspidiotus sa kabanay nga diaspididae. And the shipment was inspected and found free of aspidiotus nerii, epiphyas postvittana, frankliniella occidentalis, panonychus citri.
Read first total synthesis of the sex pheromone of the oleander scale aspidiotus nerii. The destruction of coconut trees caused by aspidiotus rigidus in the philippines has also led to the implementation of an i ntegrated pest management program which includes leaf pruning, trunk injections, insecticide sprays, biocontrol agents, and fertilization to hasten recovery of infested trees philippine coconut authority, 2014. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. The whitish covering of the insect is waxy and repels liquids. Ang aspidiotus destructor sakop sa kahenera nga aspidiotus sa kabanay nga diaspididae. Pdf cryptic diversity in the aspidiotus nerii complex in. The oleander scale, aspidiotus nerii bouche, formerly a. Pdf biological, morphological and behavioral aspects of.
It includes eastern north america, central america and the west indies and east and southeast asia. Observations on the oleander scale, aspidiotus nerii boucht hemiptera. The insect has since spread throughout much of the united states and canada. Insects free fulltext unraveling the genetic structure of the. Now it attacks apple, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, pear, walnut, almond, strawberry, chestnut, grapes, raspberry and many wild temperate plants. Byfranzschrader bryn mawr college, bryn mawr, penna. The oleander scale, aspidiotus nerii, a diaspidid, polyphagous, and. General information about aspidiotus nerii aspdne eppo global database. Top of page aspidiotus excisus looks very similar to a. A total synthesis of the oleander scale aspidiotus nerii bouche sex pheromone, the unique sesquiterpenoid containing a cyclobutane moiety of this class of compounds, has been developed.
Berlingers survey demonstrated that only on irrigated and fertilized plants was the scale density relatively high compared. Grove floors are managed free of weeds for optimal protection against radiation and. The consumption rate, survival, and developmental duration of the coccidophagous coccinellid rhyzobius lophanthae blaisdell coleoptera. A new distribution map is provided for aspidiotus nerii aspidiotus nerii subject category. Aspidiotus carpodeti maskell, 1885 references edit henderson, r. Summary info federal phytosanitary certificate required. Aspidiotus perniciosus synonyms, aspidiotus perniciosus pronunciation, aspidiotus perniciosus translation, english dictionary definition of aspidiotus perniciosus. Anastrepha fraterculus and ceratitis capitata do not occur in the united states. Stereoselective synthesis of a number of other trisubstituted cyclobutane derivatives also. This page was last edited on 15 september 2017, at 01. Coconut scale, aspidiotus destructor signoret hemiptera.
Aspidiotus nerii bouche with 325 hosts belonging to 120 plant families. The objective of this work was to study the biology, morphology and behavior of aspidiotus nerii bouche, 1833 hemiptera. Our present knowledge of the reproductive processes in the diaspinm is a very limited one. Aspidiotus definition of aspidiotus by merriamwebster. Coccinellidae, a predator of the armored scale insect, aspidiotus nerii bouche hemiptera. The life history of a similar scale, aspidiotus destructor, was studied in fiji. Aspidiotus nerii is a species of armored scale insect with the common names oleander scale. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, aspidiotus, san jose scale. Three species of armored scale insects including oleander scale aspidiotus nerii, are the key pests of kiwifruit grown in new zealand. This armored scale was described by signoret in 1869 and appears to be native to south asia but has spread around the world, mainly on. Aspidiotus was also described as new by bouche 1834 page 9.
Diaspididae, and its parasitoids were surveyed on 4 mango cultivars in the southern district of khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan, from july 2011 to june 20. Even if scales are killed, it takes several days for the body to dry, so removal of the armor is required to assure inspectors that the plant material is insect free. Pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya. Thefollowing observations represent a rather cursory attack on this aspect of the biology of the oleander scale aspidiotus hederx and in view of the lack of similar studies on. Aspidiotus nerii was reported to have uniparental as well as biparental populations brown, 1965. Organism names see more details oleander scale, white scale, ivy scale. Pdf cryptic diversity in the aspidiotus nerii complex in australia. Aspidiotus urenae hall, 1923 was regarded as a valid species, but borchsenius 1966. Oleander scale is a sap sucking true bug that appears as a flat, oval, whitishbrown insects on leaves and stems of glasshouse plants. In the middle east ivy scale is a minor pest of carobs and olives, but in other mediterranean countries, including cyprus but not egypt or israel, it attacxks olives and all species and varieties of citrus. Table grapes are free from soil, sand and contaminating plant materials e. It was accidentally introduced into india at around 1910.
Synthesis of both enantiomers of the aspidiotus nerii sex pheromone and their diastereomers has been achieved using, as a key step, an intramolecular ester enolate alkylation reaction for the formation of the cyclobutane ring with a good control of the relative configurations of the asymmetric centers. Damage is due to sucking out plant sap, which reduces plant. In olive crops, the presence of a single scale makes a fruit unmarketable. Three to four generations are born inside each year.
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